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'In September 1868, 12-year-old Catherine Rudd was arrested for living in a "miserably constructed shelter composed of rags and boughs" with a reputed sex worker, her widowed mother. Catherine and her siblings were sent to industrial schools, their mother to gaol. She herself had arrived in Australia alone in 1849, aged 15, an Irish Famine orphan. This new study centred on Newcastle Industrial School for Girls (New South Wales) from 1867 to 1871, reveals that close to one third of the inmates were girls born of Irish Famine refugees. This paper examines their story of destitution, discrimination and intergenerational incarceration driven by colonial policies and their Irish Famine origins.'
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