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AustLit

Children's Literature and the Environment
Researched, compiled and written by Amy Cross
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Coordinated by AACLAP & CLDR Editors
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  • Biodiversity in Children's Books

    Biodiversity is the variety of all life forms on earth - the different plants, animals and micro-organisms and ecosystems of which they are a part.

    (Dept. E. E. [2017])

    Biodiversity conservation is a significant concern in Australia, with many regions, ecosystems and species currently under threat. As such, representations of biological diversity are prolific in children's picture books; less so in fiction and novels. The format and diverse methods of illustration easily allow such representations to be a part of the story, either explicitly or implicitly. Also common is a discussion of biodiversity and its conservation, in the endpapers of picture books. 

    This section focuses on books that highlight biodiversity, either through representations of animal species (their habitat and other species encounters), or through preservation of particular ecosystems.

    See Environmental Degradation for a closer look at threats to biodiversity.

    EDITORS: this Header component is linked to in the Explore section of the following WORK record(s): Reef Superstar - EDITORS: this Header component is linked to in the Explore section of the following WORK record(s): Koliptus : A Koala's Tale -
  • — Ecology and Vulnerable Ecosystems

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    While stories about nature, ecology or animals are not inherently environmental, the plight of the animals in children's stories often implicitly (or explicitly) details their biology and ecosystems, and the efforts to save them. Picture books can be particularly detailed regarding ecosystems and biodiversity of a region as the illustrations provide opportunities to show biodiversity. Picture books by Kim Michelle Toft, for example, are incredibly detailed depictions of ocean and the marine life it supports, see Reef Superstar.

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    In Papa Sky, fictional cloud forests are created by a being named Papa Sky. When he falls to earth, a diverse range of animals, primarily endangered species, assist Papa Sky to return to his home. It is an implicit look at the impact of global warming on cloud forest environments, many of which contain declining species. Tim Flannery's The Weather Makers is referenced in the verso.

    One Small Island by Alison Lester and Coral Tulloch, is the story of the unqiue Macquarie Island, the environmental degradation it has suffered and attempts to renew and regenerate the ecosystem.


    Coral reefs, river systems (particularly the Murray-Darling Basin), and the loss of bees are all topics featuring in this section. Try also searching for ecosystem, environmental degradation, biodiversity, or species conservation.

  • Threatened Species and Animals Stories

    Many picture books, including non-fictions and narrative non-fictions, include factual information about the animal protagonist. It is this information in the endpapers, which is often accompanied by conservation messages from the author or illustrator is what distinguishes 'animal stories' from environmental stories.

    In children's fiction, the discovery, and usually rescue of animals, is more anthropocentric. That is, the rescue of the animal and learning about its biology and habitat, is often about developing the human character and their growth as an 'ecocitizen'. See Conservation and Sustainability for a closer examination.

    N.B. Information on 'status' in the tiles below about endangered species is taken from the IUCN Red list at www.iucnredlist.org, and Aust. Gov. Department of Environment and Energy at http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicthreatenedlist.pl. Information is correct as of December 2017.

  • — Animals as Protagonists and Anthropomorphism

    Animal protagonists are common in narratives with environmental themes. The degree to which the animal is humanised or anthropomorphised varies greatly. Anthropomorphism is often used in environmental literature to imagine the fears experienced by animals and as a way for animal characters to have a voice. It is also a way to conceive emotions in animals, which can elicit empathy in readers and in turn help to develop environmental awareness and concern for wildlife. However, it can also be problematic if the narrative suggests that human intervention in animal welfare is unnecessary, particularly if the anthropomorphised characters successfully problem-solve their way out of situations, which real animals are unable to do.

    Other narratives might convey the dangers encountered or the importance of wildlife habits without placing human emotions on the animal itself. See for example Circle by Jeannie Baker, which follows the migratory pattern of the godwit bird.

  • — Endangered Animals and Species Decline

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    There are many animal species currently endangered, threatened, vulnerable and or extinct, both in Australia and internationally. Such animals are often written about in children's picture books that aim to encourage conservation and build environmental awareness.

    Koliptus : A Koala's Tale is a children's novel written and illustrated by Karen Hodges, a wildlife carer of koalas. The description on the back of the book includes the statement: "This is a must-read for young Australians to become aware of our affect on our native animals, before it's too late."

    The story is set in Northern New South Wales, a State where koalas are listed as 'vulnerable'. Two koalas Koliptus, and Midgie encounter every kind of threat experienced by the species as a whole. At any given point, one of the koalas is threatened by bushfires, disease, hunters, urban developers, poachers, and dogs. The narrative is written such that Koliptus interacts with the koalas and other bush animals and communicates an understanding of the threats befalling the animals. For example, after he has returned to his territory to find his trees had been cleared: "Koliptus sat on a stump and stared at the devastation before him. He had no where to go, like so many koalas and other native animals before him, he was left to perish on the wasteland that people call suburbia." (p.60) The narrative continues in detail about what the area will look like in the future, complete with houses, dogs - the "natural enemy to the koala", cars, and "worst of all, people." The story is a clear call for awareness about the struggle of koalas and for protection of the species.

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    Endangered Australian animals as a theme is common in picture books and children's fiction, though often it is the cute or 'cuddly' animals, that are written about, such as koalas. However, as more real world scientists and academic or government research organisations contribute to children's book publishing, there is increased variety in the endangered or threatened species that are written about, which are also vital to biodiversity. See for example Phasmid : Saving the Lord Howe Island Stick Insect by Rohan Cleave (Melbourne Zookeeper, and researcher on the Lord Howe Island Stick Insect Recovery program), published by CSIRO Publishing; or, Zobi and the Zoox by Scale Free Network, an art and science collaboration, that resulted in a picture book about microbes and coral polyps.

    See in particular the tiles below about 'Australian Wildlife Under Threat' and 'Daily Life of Australian Animals'.

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    Species decline as a result of climate change is an emerging topic in children's fiction. One example is The Battle of Bug World. In this book, an evil boy named Frank has taken the Earth's ozone and kidnapped all of the honey bees to help build his insect army. The result is superstorms, climate change, dying fruit and flowers, and food shortages. Song Bird the superhero helps stop Frank, with the help of her genius friend Amy who is wheel-chair bound. Song Bird's sister, Raven, who belongs to 'Green Team' - a United Nations army of environmentalists - has also been kidnapped by Frank. Throughout the book, there are boxed 'Newsflashes'. They have different font and text size and appear to be direct environmental messages to the reader, or at least they mimic current news topics about global warming, scientists and governments. There are pervasive themes of sustainability as well, particularly around greenery, vegetable gardens and bees. The bees must be rescued to save the world from the extreme weather resulting from climate change.

    Species decline is a frequent theme climate change books - see Disasters, Climate Change and Global Warming.

  • Explore Further

    • (Display Format : Landscape)

      Animals: Endangered and Extinct

    • (Display Format : Landscape)

      Australian Wildlife Under Threat

    • This image has been sourced from online.
      (Display Format : Landscape)

      Daily Life of Australian Animals

    • (Display Format : Landscape)

      Case Study: The Importance of Bees

    • This image has been sourced from online.
      (Display Format : Landscape)

      Case Study: 'Save the Reef!'

    • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ATasmania
      (Display Format : Landscape)

      Case Study: The Thylacine

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